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- Date sent: Mon, 29 Apr 1996 13:29:21 -0400
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- The Role of Sight and Appearance in Developing the Major Themes of Hamlet
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- One of the most integral themes in William Shakespeare's play Hamlet is the dichotomy of
- outward appearance in inward reality, which is to say that people often hide their true
- intentions and emotions behind a completely different facade. Thus, in the text there are
- many allusions to the eyes and sight, because the appearance of things, according to the
- play, are inherently deceiving. We find words like: mirror, painting, picture, costume,
- mask and makeup prevalent throughout because they represent a feigning of reality. Hamlet
- recognizes outward appearance as the "mask" that people hide behind, and subsequently he
- spends much of his time trying to remove the "masks" of the characters in this play,
- particularly those of Gertrude and Claudius. The phrase to "put on" is also repeated many
- times in this play, because it carries the double meaning, to dress oneself and to pretend.
- Hamlet, in an attempt to divert attention from himself with the hope of concealing his
- plans to revenge the murder of his father, decides "To put an antic disposition on,"(Act I,
- Scene 5, Line 172) which subsequently leads Claudius to contemplate why his nephew "puts on
- this confusion."(Act III, Scene 1, Line 2) Both of these quotations seem to support the
- notion that behavior is a costume that one wears as a means of hiding their true identity.
- There are many references to paintings and artwork in this play because they represent an
- artificially sweetened view of reality. Art, in this play, seems to serve as an imitator
- of reality, it doesn't necessarily perfect or idealize it, it merely puts a good face on
- it. Hamlet, in spurning Ophelia for being deceptive and lacking virtue, says, "I have
- heard of your paintings well enough. God/ hath given you one face, and you make yourselves
- another."(Act III, Scene 1, Lines 141-2) Hamlet also uses artwork in an attempt to provoke
- an outward expression of guilt by Gertrude by holding up pictures of Claudius and his
- father and saying, "Look here upon this picture, and on this,/ The counterfeit presentment
- of two brothers.,"(Act III, Scene 4, Lines 53-5) The word counterfeit also seems to carry
- a double meaning here, one is obviously meant to indicate that it is an artistic
- representation which differs from reality, and the other seems to allude to Claudius'
- complete betrayal of his own brother. Hamlet also requires Gertrude to see her own
- reflection in a mirror because it is commonly believed that someone who is overwhelmed with
- guilt and grief cannot bear to see their own reflection. All of Hamlets attempts to
- "unmask" Gertrude's guilty conscious seem to work when she says, "O Hamlet speak no more!/
- Thou turn'st my [eyes into my very] soul,./ And there I see such black and grained spots/
- And will [not] leave their tinct."( Act III, Scene 4, Lines 88-91) I have already sited an
- example of the word mirror used in the play, but there are many more, because it has an
- ambiguous meaning. To mirror can be thought of as a way of reflecting of thinking, because
- as Hamlet says "there is nothing either/ good or bad, but thinking makes it so."(Act II,
- Scene 2, Lines 245-6) Hamlet making Gertrude look into the mirror is a symbolic way of
- requiring her to reflect on her shameful actions. Hamlet is imprisoned by his own thought
- which inhibits his ability to act on his vow to revenge the murder of his father, because
- upon reflection he realizes that he is "miscast" in the role of revenger. Hamlet uses the
- play "Murther of Gonzago," to mirror the murder of the King, in an attempt to "unmask"
- Claudius by provoking him to outwardly express a profession of guilt. Hamlet explains that
- the "purpose of playing...was and is, to hold as 'twere the mirror up to nature,"(Act III,
- Scene 2, Lines 16-20) and the role of an actor is merely to be a dissembler. This is
- ironic, because that assertion supports the theory that art is truer than life, because on
- the stage outward appearance is the only reality, so the audience knows exactly what the
- players are thinking and what motivates them to action. Hamlet is successful in uncovering
- Claudius' facade of innocence with the "play within the play," but in so doing Hamlet has
- also inadvertently revealed his knowledge of Claudius' wrong-doing. In making Lucianus
- "nephew to the king," in the play, he not only reveals Claudius' guilty secret but also his
- own plans of revenge. Hamlet sees himself and Claudius as polar opposites, but the play
- seems to reveal a disturbing similarity between the two.(1) Lucianus is meant to serve as
- an image of Claudius, but ironically the player seems to be more accurately an image of
- Hamlet, and his plans of revenge. In holding the mirror up to the court with the "play
- within the play," Hamlet is forced to realize that retribution for his father's death will
- make him a murderer just like his lecherous uncle. This realization makes action
- problematic because to revenge is to punish a crime by mirroring it, which is nothing more
- than a pathetic form of imitation.(2) Hamlet, who is described by Ophelia as "The glass of
- fashion and the mould of form,' Th' observ'd of all observers,"(Act III, Scene 1, Lines
- 152-3) which quite simply means the object of other's imitation, would become an imitator
- rather than the imitated if he was to revenge. In Act V, Hamlet is not only parodies
- Orsic's fawning and overwhelming praise of Laertes by saying: "his/ sembable is his mirror,
- and who else would trace him, his/ umbrage, nothing more.,"(Act V, Scene 2, Lines 114-15)
- but he is also revealing his realization that imitation is a desperate "cue" for action.(3)
- That's perhaps why in the end Hamlet murders Claudius as a result of his mother's death
- and his own immanent death, and not only as an act of revenge for the murder of his
- father.(4) Another important theme with respect to sight is the ability of outward
- appearance to change inward reality and the inability of inward reality to change outward
- appearance. Nietzsche, profoundly and quite simply, states that what something is called
- is different from what it is.(5) Hamlet explains his understanding of this seemingly
- paradoxical idea when he says to Ophelia: "Ay, truly, for the power of beauty will sooner
- transform/ honesty from what it is to a baud than the force of/ honesty can translate
- beauty into his likeness,"(Act III, Scene 1, Lines 110-12_ which is meant to show the
- ability of beauty to corrupt truth. Thus, for example, a virtuous and faithful married man
- can easily fall victim to the overwhelming power of beauty, and subsequently succumb to
- infidelity. One's own outward appearance also has the ability to change their inward
- reality, because if a person plays a "role" for a long enough time, their feigning will
- inherently become their truth. Perhaps that is why Hamlet tells Gertrude to "Assume a
- virtue, if you have it not,"(Act III, Scene 4, Line 160) in the hope that if she acts
- virtuous she will eventually evolve into actually being virtuous. I think that a good
- example to support this point is OJ Simpson, whom I wholeheartedly believe is guilty of
- murdering his wife, but since he has professed his innocence for such a long time, I think
- he has honestly coaxed himself into truly believing that he didn't do it. Therefore, in
- Act V Hamlet ceases his quest to "unmask" inner truths of others, and accepts appearance as
- the only reality. Hamlet's search and subsequent inability to comprehend the inner workings
- of others causes him to become completely pessimistic and narcissistic, because he is the
- only person that he can truly understand. He is forced to believe that the nature of the
- world is and enigma, never to be solved, and that life is merely a series of painful
- experiences which one is forced to endure. The only aspect of nature that Hamlet knows for
- certain in the end, is that all things that live must die. The portrait I paint of Hamlet
- is by no means intended to idealize him as am innocent paragon of virtue whose death can
- only be attributed to the disillusionment of a perfect man in an imperfect world, because
- such is obviously not the case. After all, Hamlet is a cynical solipsist throughout the
- play, who is directly guilty of murdering Polonius and indirectly responsible for the death
- of Ophelia. The main problem Hamlet is forced to face is his inability to play the "role"
- of a revenger, which requires one to act brashly and passionately, thus, the temperate and
- pensive Hamlet has obviously been "miscast." At first he believes that he can obtain a
- "cue" for action as long as he is able to provoke an outward expression of guilt by
- Claudius, but the "play within the play" only makes him realize that he would be lowering
- himself to Claudius' level by imitating his crime. Hamlet wants desperately to act purely
- on an instinctual level, feeding purely upon emotion, but as he knows it would be
- completely out of his character to do so. Finally, when he has enough animosity and
- vindictive emotion to abandon reflection and temperance for thoughtless action, he ends up
- killing Polonius, mistaking him for Claudius when he hears a voice behind the "arras" in
- Gertrude's chambers, which ironically seems to support Hamlet's need for visual
- affirmation. In the end Hamlet has inadvertently condemned himself to death, but at this
- point of the play he is prepared to die, because he had tried too hard and for too long to
- understand the mysteries the world, while neglecting the responsibilities of his own
- actions, and he would rather have Horatio tell his story as a lesson to others.
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- Bibliography
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- 1) Bradley,
- A.C., Shakepearean Tragedy
- 1904. Reprint. New York:
- Fawcett, 1965.
- 2) Cohen, Michael. Hamlet In My Mind's Eye. 1943. Reprint. Athens: The University of
- Georgia Press, 1989.
- 3) Russell, John. Hamlet and
- Narcissus. 1949. Reprint. Toronto: Associated University Press, 1995. 4) Scott, David
- Kastan. Critical Essays On Shakespeare's Hamlet. 1984. University of Miami Press.
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- Endnotes
- 1) Scott, David Kastan. Critical Essays On Shakespeare's Hamlet. Page 199
- 2) Ibid Page 199
- 3) Ibid Page 200
- 4) Ibid Page 201
- 5) Russel, John. Hamlet and Narcissus. Page 115
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